Quote from the 1856 catalogue of Benjamin Pike of New
York:
Bolt Head Experiment consists of a glass globe of
four or five inches in diameter, with neck about thirty inches long, having
cemented on the neck a plate fitting the open top air pump receiver [bell
jar]. To use, the plate is set on the open top receiver with the end of
the neck immersed in a jar of water, which, to render the experiment more
conspicuous, is usually colored red or blue; on exhausting the air from
the receiver, the air in the globe is expanded and escapes from the neck,
and is seen bubbling through the water. On returning the air to the receiver,
it cannot enter the globe, but pressing on the water forces it up the neck
into the globe, occupying the place of the air that escaped by its expansion,
and showing the quantity [of air].
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